Augustine A Journey Of Conversion - 1043 Words

Caroline Casey Dr. Butera Development of Western Civilization 2 December 2014 Augustine: A Journey of Conversion Before submitting himself to God, Augustine lived a life controlled by various sinful tendencies such as theft and lust. Surrounded by strong believers of Catholicism, such as his mother, St. Monica, Augustine grew up questioning Christ and the faith and rather explored other religions. Two religions that Augustine devoted himself to were Manichaeism and Neoplatonism. While both religions had strengths and flaws, neither truly satisfied Augustine’s spiritual emptiness. Before devoting himself fully to the Catholic faith, Augustine is seen as an honorable saint because of the significance of his works and teachings. Augustine’s conversion from Manichaeism to Neoplatonism to Catholicism as noted through Confessions, transformed his life from being powered by sin and immortality to a life dominated by rectitude and devotion. One of the religions that Augustine primarily devoted himself to before his conversion was Manichaeism. Augustine w as attracted to the teachings and values of Manichaeism because of the way they explained evil, saying there are two gods: one good and one evil. Throughout Augustine’s youth, Catholic teachings did not further answer his questions regarding the issue, as described when Augustine states: â€Å"Above all, I heard first one, then another, then many difficult passages in the Old Testament scriptures figuratively interpreted, where I, byShow MoreRelatedAugustine s Confessions By Augustine1137 Words   |  5 PagesIn Augustine s Confessions, Augustine tells his entire life story leading up to his conversion to Christianity. Throughout his life, he experiences a vast amount of events, both that had major impacts and minor impacts. In the Confessions, Augustine called these events â€Å"episodes. The episodes supported his transformation of who he was into who he wanted to be after his conversion to Christianity. Certain episodes in Augustine’s life led to inspiring moment s, while others lead to grief and painRead MoreEssay on Confessions1242 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing your knowledge through reading leads you through a â€Å"conversion† in which you begin to recall things and their relevance through memory. Socrates stresses the concept of increasing knowledge as a way to grow. Socrates also was the one who wanted to have a â€Å"field day† teaching Saint Augustine. Saint Augustine uses his life to display to us the way one’s quest for God should be like. He believed that one must begin their journey by first reading about God through books such as the Bible. OnceRead MoreSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Aurelius Augustinius, St. Augustine, was born in 354 A.D. in Tagaste, a town in North Africa. Born just over a century before the fall of Rome, Augustine would live his entire life within the Roman empire. Augustine was a great Christian thinker and wrote numerous works which survive today, and offer us a vivid glimpse into the period. His works and thoughts on Christ, the nature of God, the role of the Church, and myriad other topics, shaped muchRead MoreThe Journey Of Aeneas From Virgil s Aeneid And The Confessions1214 Words   |  5 PagesAt a first glance, the journeys of Aeneas from Virgil’s Aeneid and Saint Augustine in his autobiography The Confessions, do not seem to have much in common. In Confessions, Augustine embarks on a spiritual journey, while Aeneas endures a physical one. After closely reading both texts, readers can see the powerful, striking connection between Saint Augustine’s journey and Aeneas’. The Confessions serves as a personal inspi ration to readers by showcasing Augustine’s journey towards God, and His presenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Confessions In Homers Aeneid1082 Words   |  5 Pages In the Confessions, Augustine formulates his argument by self-consciously integrating methods of rhetoric used in Homer’s Aeneid. With this and his own style of writing, he is successfully able to narrate his life and demonstrate his captivity from the concupiscence that dominated his life. Augustine shares this road of conversion to Christianity effectively by incorporating aspects of epic style and putting language at the center of his Confessions. Through including different devices and influencesRead MoreTFF: True Friends Forever: Childhood Friend vs. Nebridius Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking, many philosophers, including Augustine, grapple with the concept and fulfillment of true friendship. Augustine writes of the meaning of true friendship in The Confessions, while also writing of his friendships throughout his life, using his own guidelines of what true friendship entails a revolution of his friendships can be seen alongside his transformation toward God th at The Confessions is well known to showcase. In The Confessions, Augustine defines what true friendship is with theRead MoreSaint Augustine : The Confessions Of St. Augustine704 Words   |  3 PagesSt. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, is a true defender of the Catholic faith with an inspirational conversion story which he shares in his writings titled the Confessions. Published around 400 A.D., St. Augustine Confessions had a major influence on western civilization. This beautifully written and intellectually brilliantly narrative on his conversion, St. Agustin brings to light his personal spiritual journey during his conversion to Catholicism. Completing his book in 400, St. Augustine incorporatedRead MoreSaint Augustine s Life Of Augustine1679 Words   |  7 PagesSaint Augustine The Life of Augustine Augustine was born in North Africa in AD 354 in the city of Thagaste. His father, Patricius, was a pagan and his mother, Monica, a devoted Catholic who relentlessly prayed for her son s salvation. Saint Augustine of Hippo wrote Confessions between AD 397 and AD 398. He is regarded as a great theologian, philosopher, and one of most prolific Latin author s of many works. Augustine was schooled at Tagaste and Madaura and later at Carthage where he became interestedRead MoreAugustine’s Journey to the Truth in The Confessions of St. Augustine952 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Confessions by Saint Augustine, this great philosopher experiences many problems and emotions related to sin and evil. As a boy, he often felt darkness, blindness, and confusion while attempting to find rest in God. Augustine started out in childhood with a restless heart because he had to live in two different worlds. These worlds consisted of his mother’s Christian faith, and the world of everything el se. These two worlds confused and disturbed Augustine as a child. Augustine’s father wasRead MoreUnderstanding the Self- a Comparison of Descartes and Augustine1593 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes and Augustine, in their respective examinations of the mind and God, come to the conclusion that the true understanding of all things derives from the withdrawal of the self from foreign influence and the necessity to look inward. Although each thinker’s journey or course of understanding was different, and at times rather contrasting, their ultimate realizations about knowledge are very coherent. Doubt is one of the primary focuses and a central aspect in examining the self for both Descartes

Literary Analysis of “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen Free Essays

In the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† Henrik Ibsen introduces us to Nora Helmer and shows us how spontanesly her design of the ideal life can change when a secret of her is revealed. Nora’s husbands promotion to Manager of the town Bank, leaves her convince she will be living a wonderful life; stress and worry free. However, Nora’s idea of a wonderful life is completely changed when her long-kept secret is revealed. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is Christmas time when the play begins and with a larger income starting after the New Year, Nora is excited for a arrival of a new life. Yet, this ideal life for her begins to change when an old friend by the name of Mrs. Linde pays a visit to the Helmer household. Mrs. Linde, looking for a job has come to Nora looking for help through her husband; this excitement has Nora believing â€Å"He must Christine. Just leave it to me; I will broach the subject very cleverly- I will think of something that will please him very much. It will make me so happy to be of some use to be you† (677). Although, Torvald is happy to offer Mrs. Linde a job, Nora is unaware is has taken one step closer to her secret being reveal. As the story unfolds Nora begins to realize her husband’s ability to give Mrs. Linde’s new job, means Mr. Krogstand the man holding her secret is left unemployed; causing Nora to realize the cons of helping Mrs. Linde. â€Å"By matters of business- such as business as you and I have had together-do you think I don’t understand that? Very Well. Do as you please. But let me tell you this- If I lose my position a second time, you shall lose yours with me† (688). Mr . Krogstand uses the powers he has over Nora, to try and keep his job. He explains to her, that if he loses his place at the bank to Mrs. Lindke, he will be sure to tell Nora’s secret to her family. Realizing what this would do to the wonderful life to come after the New Year, she begs Torvald to find a place for Mr. Krogstand. However, Torvald opts not to find a position for him and with Mr. Krogstand keeping to his word he writes a letter to Torvald revealing Nora’s secret; creating the scene when everything in Nora’s life changes. As Torvald receives the letter, he acts out with rage â€Å"It is so incredible that I can’t take it in. But we must come to some understanding. Take off that shawl. Take it off, I tell you. I must try and appease him some way or another. The matter must be hushed at any cost. And as for you and me, it must appear as if everything between us were just as before- but naturally only in my eyes of the world. You will still remain in my and that is a matter of course. But I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be obliged to say so to one whom I have loved so dearly, and whom I still-. No, that is all over. From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, and the appearance-â€Å"(715 ). In was in this spite of rage that’s Nora’s dream of the soon to be wonderful life, is changed. Although it was shortly after this outrage from Helmer that he receives another letter saying Nora’s secret is safe; it was too late for Nora. The outrage has caused Nora to realize things about her life and explains to Helmer â€Å"I mean that I was simply transferred from papa’s hands into yours. You arranged everything according to your own taste, and so I got into the same tastes as you- or else I pretended to, I am really not quite sure which- I think sometimes the one and sometimes the other. When I look back on it, it seems to me as if I have existed merely to perform ticks for you, Torvald. But you would have it so. You and papa have committed a great sin against. It is your fault I have made nothing of my life† ( 717). This situation has created the chance for Nora realize she has been living in someone else shadows. She is not sure who she is or even her likes and dislikes and with that she ends the life she has been living. â€Å"Indeed, you were perfectly right. I am not fit for the task. There is another task I must undertake take first. I must try and educate myself- you are not the man to help me in that. I must do that for myself. And that is why I am going to leave you now† (719). She is not sure who she is or even her likes and dislikes and with that she ends the life she has been living. When the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† began we were introduced to Nora as a character who was excited for her new life after the New Year. Yet, a unexpected visit from a old friend caused Nora to make a decision that ended up resulting her secret begin revealed to her family. As this secret was reveal, it caused Nora to realize the perfect life she thought she wanted after the New Year was not the life she wanted. Showing us that sometimes things don’t always go as planned. How to cite Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen, Papers

The Use of Technology in Cities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: "What are the Sustainability Potential and Planning Implications of technology and/or other Disruptive forms of Smart Practice in Cities?" Answer: Introduction A smart city can be defined as an urban area which implements multiple types of electronic data collection sensors for sending the information to assets and resources which can be utilised in managing them efficiently. The data is collected from numerous sources such as devices, citizens, and assets. After that such information is analysed and processed to control and monitor various systems in the city such as transport, water supply networks, power plants, law enforcement, schools, waste management, hospitals, libraries, and other community services. The smart city concept uses various physical devices along with information and communication technology to connect a network throughout the city to efficiently optimise the operations and services and also connect citizens to them. The government initiates various programs to shape the change in diverse urban areas and formulate sustainable planning policies to concentrate on strategic issues. To establish and maintain a smart city, the government develops various concepts and issues relating to mobility, non-humans, dwelling, sharing economy and technology. These concepts are used in finding new sustainable practices which can be established in a smart city. This essay will focus on providing the sustainable potential and design implication of technology and many other disruptive methods of smart practices in cities. Further, the essay will discuss the convergence of technology and different economics to create a number of new procedures of mobility and urban living. Sustainable Potential and Planning Implication of Technology and Other Disruptive Forms of Smart Practices in Cities The importance and advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT) in previous few decades has assisted in creating the concept of the smart city. According to Hollands (2008), the definition of smart city describes it as the ability of a city to respond as promptly as possible to the necessity of citizens. The core systems of a city profoundly influence the quality of life of people; the core systems include education, transport, public health safety and the government facilities. These factors are necessary to be analysed while formulating the policies of a smart city. As per the research of World Health Organisation, the urban population of the world is accountable for 54 percent in 2014, which has been increased from 34 percent in 1960 (WHO, 2017). As per the prediction of United Nations, by 2017 a large number of populations in less developed countries will live in urban cities, and the worlds population could contribute another 2.5 billion individuals by 2050 t o the urban society (UN, 2014). Cocchia (2014) provided that the growth in population and advancement in information and communication technology has provided the various concept of the smart city to improve the quality of life in urban cities. In the smart city, the government adds physical sensors and other technology to a single network in the core areas of a city to collect the necessary information that can assist in providing better services to the peoples. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is used in enhancing the performance, quality and interactivity of the services available in urban cities and it also reduces the expenses and consumption to increase the contact between government and peoples. The smart city provides real-life responses to the peoples which improve simple transaction of citizens with the city and its practices. As per Nam and Pardo (2011), a combination of social requirements, economic growth, and human aspiration is implemented to create a smart city culture that formulates the projects and programs for smart cities in many countries. There are various attributes which describe an urban city as smart, such as ICT, efficient public services, safety security, sufficient social capital, transit planning, and many others. The information and communication technology assist in enabling smart public services. The integration and convergence of multiple technologies that are easily accessible over various platforms and devices play a pivotal role in providing transparency, speed, access, and participation in public services. The ICT devices collect the data of users and automatically perform the public services activities which save both time and money of the citizens. Chourabi et al. (2012) stated that using of smart meters, energy conservation, effluent recycling, renewable energy, water harvesting and appropriated solid waste disposal system are few of the hallmarks of a smart city which can be defined as efficient public services. Another critical characteristic of a smart city concept includes the use of public and private partnership to efficiently deliver facilities and utilities as per the provided service level standards. From the perspective of smart city citizens, safety and security are one of the prime aspects. The use of security gadgets such as video cameras, installation of surveillance, brightly lit areas, identify verification access, and rapid feedback in case of emergency are the primary requirements. The financial sustainability which provides monetary independence to the peoples, such as taxes, ads payments, and many others, is also essential for the people of the smart city. As per Washburn et al. (2009), the transit planning in the smart city include various environmental solutions such as bicycle paths, walk to work and convenient public transport. Other than attributes mentioned above there are few more characteristics of the smart city such as sufficient social capital, citizen participation in government activities, green environments and minimum population criteria. The government is responsible for making provision regarding these services to push the development of smart cities. The smart cities are heavily reliant on the technology; there is multiple real-life technological combinations infrastructure available to build the concept of the smart city. The digital city combines the services of communication, infrastructure, and innovation to connect communities through t he broadband network to meet the internet requirement of citizens, corporations, and government. Few examples include free wife availability in a store, public service officers, railway stations, and many other public places. According to Kyriazis et al. (2013), the smart city also incorporates real and virtual reality in the public service, but filling the gap of physical distance is difficult to manage. The technology is not advance enough to implement entirely virtual public services in smart cities yet. A complex system of technology is establishing in a smart city to combine information with intelligence; the data collected by a human is used in providing automated services and research procedure. Another primary framework of a smart city includes a ubiquitous environment that means people can access any public service through any device. A U-city extension is further applied to the smart city to establish an accessible infrastructure that allows peoples to interconnect easily. As per Maddox (2016), various technologies can be used to transform a city into smart city, but many experts believe that the most crucial area is transportation system. Smart transportation system establishes a harmony between the modern technologies and development of the city. The educational grade of inhabitants in significantly vital since it represents an integral part of future growth, the smart devices will influence the method of receiving, understanding, using and learning by users. The informed citizens will be able to learn and utilise the technical system of the smart city quickly, and they will also assist in the development of the city. Many counties have implemented the concept of the smart city by identifying three distinct levels which provide them multiple opportunities. The first step includes the establishment of physical telecommunication network infrastructure which comprises wireless servers and routers for operating such infrastructure. The second phase consists installation of various applications throughout operations in the city, such as traffic control or monitoring services. The final step is based on connectivity or ubiquitous of distinct technologies with each other. The concept of ubiquitous was provided by South Korea, which defines a new model of a sustainable economy based upon the efficient utilisation of transportation, natural resources, and communication solution. To create a ubiquitous city or U-city, various smart solutions are necessary for multiple problems relating to traffic, water, and healthcare. According to Gil-Castineira et al. (2011), many countries have started to implement the concept of U-city such as Oulu city in Finland. Every information system of the city is linked, and all the systems are connected to one information structure by the installation of various technologies such as wireless networks, automation systems, and many others. There are several other examples of real-life smart cities such as Singapore, Barcelona, London, San Francisco, and Oslo. These cities use various ICT, monitoring and Wi-Fi technology in enhancing the efficiency of their public services. For example, in Singapore, multiple sensors are installed throughout the city which catches people smoking or littering in the public areas. As per Caragliu, Del Bo and Nijkamp (2013), Singapore is also working on virtual reality technology by enabling city planners to run virtual tests to create Virtual Singapore. According to Bakici, Almirall and Wareham (2013), in Barcelona, the sensors monitors and operates air quality, noise, smart parking, and smart streetlights, the city is also expanding its free Wi-Fi networks in public spaces. London is making available data from their smart city initiative via its London Datastore; also they have installed smart parking in the Westminster neighborhood area. San Francisco is the hub for modern start-ups, and the city also provides various services to ensure that they receive all the necessary resources, such as efficient public transportation, free Wi-Fi networks, smart parking and many others. Oslo has installed information technology to curb greenhouse gas emission and consumption; the city has planned to change 50 percent of its transport system and 95 percent neutral climate by 2020 (Roche et al., 2012). While building a smart city is an interesting and exciting concept, there are a significant number of problems faced by city planners while formulating the plan for a smart city. According to Zeine (2017), one of the primary challenges of a smart city is sensory overload; these cities are based on data which is collected through multiple sensors installed throughout the city. The street lights, building, and roads are connected with each other to measure temperature, air quality, traffic, infrastructure integrity and many others. All these sensors require a large number of batteries to work correctly, and the US alone buys 3 billion batteries a year but to implement smart city concept they will need around 1 trillion batteries. The first problem of smart city is powering the billions of sensors. The smart cities also have lack of efficient administration and security guidelines are a major threat to this concept. As per Vanolo (2014), the smart city concept requires transparency in the allocation and use of resources which is challenging managing in cities with large population since it increases the chances of misuse. The construction and installation of smart devices throughout the city are way more expensive than general construction. The cost of rehabilitation, infrastructure, maintenance, and repair is significantly high in smart cities. The overall cost of living in smart city is also expensive which causes discrimination with the poor section of society. The digital divide is also an age gap and gendered divide since most of the old peoples and women in developing countries are not able to use technologies due to social and economic inequalities. There are several other issues such as financial requirements, cyber-attacks, culture issues, human resource managing, municipality implementation and many others. The government can introduce various programs and initiative to address the challenges of smart cities. The effective implementation of smart city concept requires contribution and participation of the public. Dameri (2013) provided that the smart cities should encourage the citizens to engage in the operational activities of cites and also provide their genuine feedback. The problem of the digital gap can be removed by achieving equality for women in cities. The government should introduce strict regulations for the establishing gender equality policies and also establish training programs for the old peoples. The problem of security can be reduced by developing strict cybersecurity protocols such as firewalls systems in sensors, encryption of data while transferring, Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) and many others. The problem of power is difficult to overcome due to lack of resources, but modernisation of technology is the only way to overcome this challenge. The government shou ld invest heavily in research to find the solution for efficient power usage. The case mentioned above studies show that the information and communication technology is one of the primary requirements of building a smart city. According to Haidine et al. (2016), the ICT allow different functions of cites to connect with each other an overall improve their efficiency and working. The services such as transportation, weather, lights, data hubs, and many other can be allowed to connect with each other and send and receive the data as well. These smart devices change and update their information as per the change in environment or usage. For example, the sensors available on streetlights in San Francisco, Barcelona and London perform various actions such as monitoring the foot traffic, automatically switching lights on off and smart parking. Jin et al. (2014) stated that the data through the street lights are sent to a parking monitoring hub which provides the information of free parking spot the drivers. The concept of smart parking is achieved by the convergenc e of ICT, monitoring and sensor technology. As per Su, Li, and Fu (2011), the real-life models for smart cities show the importance of smart transportation in transforming a smart city concept into reality. The ICT also assist government into proving smart transportation system. In cities such as Oslo, Singapore, and San Francisco, the public transportation system is connected through ICT system which allows it to share different information with each other. Such information is easily available to the citizens through mobile application or data hubs available throughout the city. As per Lombardi et al. (2012), the ICT allow sustainability potential which can assist in proper allocation and protection of resources, the implementation of technology in cities help in the protection of environmental resources. For example, digitalisation of services and government functions reduce the usage of paper which saves trees, and use of biodegradable products reduces the ecological wastage. The use of green and efficient transportation sy stem lessen the carbon footprint of the cities which improve the quality of air and water Conclusion In conclusion, an urban area which implements technology to improve the working and efficiently of public services is called the smart city. In smart cities, the government applies technology in various facilities such as transportation, municipality, hospitals, schools and other public services. The government faces multiple challenges while transforming a city into smart city such as lack of admiration, the requirement of power, high cost, literacy gap and many others. The government can use modern technology such as information system network, effective communication channels, public literacy programs and many others to address the problems of the smart city. Few examples of smart cities include London, Singapore, Oslo, and others. The government can utilise ICT technology efficiently transform public services into smart facilities. The use of technology in cities protects the natural resources and improves the quality of the environment References Bak?c?, T., Almirall, E. and Wareham, J., 2013. A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,4(2), pp.135-148. Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. and Nijkamp, P., 2013. 10 Smart cities in Europe.Smart cities: governing, modelling and analysing the transition, p.173. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A. and Scholl, H.J., 2012, January. Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2289-2297). IEEE. Cocchia, A., 2014. Smart and digital city: A systematic literature review. InSmart city(pp. 13-43). Springer International Publishing. Dameri, R.P., 2013. Searching for smart city definition: a comprehensive proposal.International Journal of Computers Technology,11(5), pp.2544-2551. Gil-Castineira, F., Costa-Montenegro, E., Gonzalez-Castano, F., Lpez-Bravo, C., Ojala, T. and Bose, R., 2011. Experiences inside the ubiquitous oulu smart city.Computer,44(6), pp.48-55. Haidine, A., El Hassani, S., Aqqal, A. and El Hannani, A., 2016. The Role of Communication Technologies in Building Future Smart Cities. InSmart Cities Technologies. InTech. Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/books/smart-cities-technologies/the-role-of-communication-technologies-in-building-future-smart-cities Hollands, R.G., 2008. Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?.City,12(3), pp.303-320. Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2014. An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,1(2), pp.112-121. Kyriazis, D., Varvarigou, T., White, D., Rossi, A. and Cooper, J., 2013, June. Sustainable smart city IoT applications: Heat and electricity management Eco-conscious cruise control for public transportation. InWorld of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 2013 IEEE 14th International Symposium and Workshops on a(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H. and Yousef, W., 2012. Modelling the smart city performance.Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research,25(2), pp.137-149. Maddox, T., 2016. Smart cities: 6 essential technologies. TechRepublic. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-cities-6-essential-technologies/ Nam, T. and Pardo, T.A., 2011, June. Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. InProceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: digital government innovation in challenging times(pp. 282-291). ACM. Roche, S., Nabian, N., Kloeckl, K. and Ratti, C., 2012, May. Are smart cities smart enough. InGlobal geospatial conference(pp. 215-235). Su, K., Li, J. and Fu, H., 2011, September. Smart city and the applications. InElectronics, Communications and Control (ICECC), 2011 International Conference on(pp. 1028-1031). IEEE. UN., 2014. Worlds population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas. UN. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html Vanolo, A., 2014. Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy.Urban Studies,51(5), pp.883-898. Washburn, D., Sindhu, U., Balaouras, S., Dines, R.A., Hayes, N. and Nelson, L.E., 2009. Helping CIOs understand smart city initiatives.Growth,17(2), pp.1-17. WHO., 2017. Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data. WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/ Zeine, H., 2017. The Problems With Smart cities. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/06/19/the-problems-with-smart-cities/2/#34dc92a1680c

What the difference is between strict and broad co Essay Example For Students

What the difference is between strict and broad co Essay nstructionismIt was 1800, when vice president Jefferson succeeded Adams in the role of president. Jefferson stressed republican virtues of independence and equality and his belief in a frugal government. With his inauguration, the transfer of power to the Republican from the Federalists intensified a political conflict between the two political parties. Even though Jefferson stated in his inaugural address that â€Å"we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists,† the Federalists and Republicans continued to doubt each other, especially on the issue of the Constitution. With Jefferson leading the way, Republicans took on the position of a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which did not allow the federal government to take any action that was not specifically addressed by the Constitution. The Federalists, however, advocated by the ideas of Hamilton, remained steadfast to the approach of broad interpretation, which permitted the government to do anything, not expressl y prohibited by the Constitution. However, both parties were quick to stray to their political ideologies. Republicans and Federalists adhered to their bureaucratic philosophies in political addresses and speeches, yet both parties varied with cause, straying from their own civic principles. In various political addresses, Jefferson was seen as inseparable with strict interpretation and a contender for state rights. He tried to affirm the belief that domestic policies should be decided by the states and fears that the Federalists will change the Constitution (docum. A). By the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, Jefferson and Madison asserted that states were the foundation of the nation and therefore had supreme power. The federal government had no right to exercise powers not delegated to it by the Constitution. Jefferson also remained unwavering to strict construction by declaring that the states had the power to determine the matters of religion and not the federal government (do cum.B) Madison asserted his contribution to Republicans by vetoing the Internal Improvements Bill, a proposal that would allow Congress to make changes in the Constitution (docum. H) On the other hand, Jefferson seemed to favor loose construction and believer of a strong federal government on notable occasions. The Louisiana Purchase was one of the circumstances, where Jefferson was on the side of the Federalist’s loose construction. On April 30, Monroe and Livingston signed the Louisiana Purchase with France, acquiring 827,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars. However, the Constitution did not authorize the president to acquire new territory and incorporate it into the nation. Jefferson proposed a constitutional amendment to allow the purchase, stating that he was exercising the president’s implied powers to protect the nation. Furthermore was the embargo act, which was intended to prevent confrontation between American merchant ships and British and French warships, but was not clearly authorized in the Constitution, turning Jefferson into a broad constructionist (docum. C). The embargo punished Britain and France, but ended up hurting the United States, especially New England. There was also the Tariff of 1816, which levied taxes on imported woolens, cottons, and iron, in effect raising their prices in the United States. According to Republican John Randolph, the revenue-raising tariff was not outlined in the Constitution and violated Republican ideologies (docum. F). We will write a custom essay on What the difference is between strict and broad co specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now On the other side of the debate were the Federalists. They loosely interpreted the Constitution, stating that they had the action to do anything, not specifically prohibited in the Constitution. Their broad construction of the Constitution was seen in many court cases, which were supervised by Chief Justice John Marshall. In the case of Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court exercised the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and the principle on which Marshall justified his decision was set forth in The Federalist. As for the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland, gave implied powers in the hands of the national government and laid down principles limiting the rights of states. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward, also exhibited Federalists’ ideologies, by declaring that the charter of Dartmouth (a private corporation) was a contract and inviolable by state authority. .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .postImageUrl , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:hover , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:visited , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:active { border:0!important; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:active , .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942 .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8b2c8e9c02b739bd7aa863a758b7942:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Summation of Pride-Related Occurrences in The St EssayHowever, like the Republicans, Federalists strayed from their civic views on various incidents. They opposed the embargo act, mainly because they were pro-British. The embargo act caused New England, the power base of Federalists, to downfall into economic depression, because the shipping industry collapsed as exports fell by 80%. The New England states then demanded that the government remove its authority to impose embargoes (docum. E). In the Hartford, they wanted to restrict the presidency to one term and required a two-thirds congressional vote to admit new states to the Union (docum. E). Federalists also disappr oved of the War of 1812. They claimed it as a Republican war—Mr.Madison’s War. They thought it was unconstitutional to draft people away from state militia (docum.D) . Madison responded with the â€Å"elastic clause,† which allowed Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers. Both men (Jefferson and Madison) as well as both parties were steadfast to their views of interpretation in words, but when it came to action, they strayed from their political conceptions about the Constitution. Both political figures reinstated time after time that the nation rested solely on the states, but when the time came, with it was the second war with Britain or the trade with France, the two men broke from strict constructionism, in order to serve the public interest. In general, both presidents took the views of either party when it suited him best. Bibliography:

Founding of the Colony of Georgia

Founding of the Colony of Georgia The colony of Georgia was the last of the formally founded colonies in what would become the United States, in 1732 by Englishman James Oglethorpe. But for nearly 200 years before that, Georgia was a disputed region, with Spain, France, and England jockeying for the control of land owned by several powerful Indian groups, including the Creek Confederacy. Fast Facts: Colony of Georgia Also Known As: Guale, Carolina ColonyNamed After: British King George IIFounding Year: 1733Founding Country: Spain, EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: 1526, San Miguel de GualdapeResidential  Native Communities: Creek Confederacy, Cherokee, Choctaw, ChickasawFounders: Lucas Vzques de Ayllà ³n, James OglethorpeFirst Continental Congressmen: NoneSigners of the Declaration: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton Early Exploration The first Europeans to set foot in Georgia were Spanish conquistadors: it is possible that Juan Ponce de Leon (1460–1521) made it to the coastal reaches of the future state by 1520. The first European colonization was on the coast, probably near St. Catherines Island, and established by Lucas Vzques de Ayllà ³n (1480–1526). Called San Miguel de Guadalupe, the settlement only lasted a few months before it was abandoned over the winter of 1526–1527 due to illness, death (including its leader), and factionalism. Spanish explorer Hernan de Soto (1500–1542) led his expeditionary forces through Georgia in 1540 on his way to the Mississippi River, and the De Soto Chronicles contained notes about his journey and the Native American inhabitants he met along the way. Spanish missions were set up along the Georgia coast: the most permanent of those was established by the Jesuit priest Juan Pardo on St. Catherines Island in 1566. Later, English settlers from South Carolina would travel into the region of Georgia to trade with the Native Americans they found there. Part of Georgia was subsumed into the Carolina colony in 1629. The first English explorer was Henry Woodward, who arrived at the Chattahoochee falls in the 1670s, what was then the center of the Creek Nation. Woodward formed an alliance with the Creek and together they forced the Spanish out of Georgia. The Margravate of Azilia The Margravate of Azilia, a colony proposed in 1717 by Robert Montgomery (1680–1731), the eleventh Baronet of Skelmorlie, was to be located somewhere between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, as an idyllic establishment with a palace of the margrave (leader) surrounded by a green space and then in descending circles farther and farther from the center, sections would be laid out for barons and commoners. Montgomery likely never made it to North America and Azilia was never built. In 1721, while Georgia was part of the Carolina Colony, Fort King George near Darien on the Altamaha River was established and then abandoned in 1727.   Founding and Ruling the Colony It was not until 1732 that the colony of Georgia was actually created. This made it the last of the thirteen British colonies, a full fifty years after Pennsylvania came into being. James Oglethorpe was a well known British soldier who thought that one way to deal with debtors who were taking up a lot of room in British prisons was to send them to settle a new colony. However, when King George II granted Oglethorpe the right to create this colony named after himself, it was to serve a much different purpose. The new colony  was to be located between South Carolina and Florida, to act as a protective buffer between the Spanish and English colonies. Its boundaries included all of the lands between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers, including much of present-day Alabama and Mississippi. Oglethorpe advertised in the London papers for poor people who would get free passage, free land, and all the supplies, tools, and food they would need for a year. The first shipload of settlers set sail aboard the Ann in 1732, disembarked at Port Royal on the South Carolina coast, and reached the foot of Yamacraw Bluff on the Savannah River on February 1, 1733, where they founded the city of Savannah. Georgia was unique among the thirteen British colonies in that no local governor was appointed or elected to oversee its population. Instead, the colony was ruled by a Board of Trustees that was located back in London. The Board of Trustees ruled that slavery, Catholics, lawyers, and rum were all banned within the colony. That would not last. War of Independence In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony and the British parliament selected royal governors to rule it. Historian Paul Pressly has suggested that unlike the other colonies, Georgia succeeded in the two decades before Independence because of its connections to the Caribbean and based on an economy of rice supported by the enslavement of Africans.   The royal governors held power until 1776, with the beginning of the American Revolution. Georgia was not a real presence in the fight against Great Britain. In fact, due to its youth and stronger ties to the Mother Country, many inhabitants sided with the British. The colony sent no delegates to the First Continental Congress: they were facing attacks from the Creek and desperately needed the support of regular British soldiers. Nonetheless, there were some staunch leaders from Georgia in the fight for independence including three signers of the Declaration of Independence: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton. After the war, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the US Constitution. Sources and Further Reading Coleman, Kenneth (ed.). A History of Georgia, 2nd edition. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.  Pressly, Paul M. On the Rim of the Caribbean: Colonial Georgia and the British Atlantic World. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2013.Russell, David Lee. Oglethorpe and Colonial Georgia: A History, 1733-1783. McFarland, 2006Sonneborne, Liz. A Primary Source History of the Colony of Georgia. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2006.  The Margravate of Azilia. Our Georgia History.

Making Colored Candle Flames

Making Colored Candle Flames Have you ever wanted to color the flames of your candles? Ive received several questions about how this might be achieved, including the following email: Hi, I just posted this question to the forum but I am also interested in your take on it. I read the article about colored fire and decided to try to make a candle with a color flame! First I tried dissolving the chems you suggested in the article (such as cupric chloride) into water until it was fully concentrated, and soaking some wicks overnight. After drying the wicks I found that on their own they do burn with a pretty flame (well, some of the chemicals), but once I tried adding wax to the mixture the natural color of the wax burning completely  took away any desired effects. Next I tried grinding up the chems into a fine powder and mixing as uniformly as possible with the wax. This was also unsuccessful and resulted in sporadic and weak color at best and often wouldnt even stay lit. Even when I could keep the particles from sinking to the bottom of the molten wax, they still [do] not burn correctly. I am convinced that in order to make a functioning candle with a color flame it is necessary to fully dissolve the salts and minerals listed in the article into the wax. Obviously the salts do not naturally dissolve and this got me thinking that maybe an emulsifier is necessary? Does that make sense? Thanks! If making colored candle flames was easy, these candles would likely be available for sale. They are, but only when the candles burn a liquid fuel. I would think you could make an alcohol lamp that burns a colored flame by attaching a wick to an alcohol lamp filled with fuel containing metal salts. The salts could be dissolved in a small amount of water, which would be mixable in alcohol. Some salts dissolve directly in alcohol. Its possible something similar could be achieved using a fuel oil. Im not sure a wax candle would ever work as well. Soaking the wick will produce a colored flame, much as if you burned paper or wood that has been soaked with metal salts, but the wick of a candle burns very slowly. Most of the flame results from combustion of vaporized wax. Has anyone tried making candles with colored flames? Do you have any suggestions for the reader who sent this e-mail or any tips about what will/wont work? Comments Tom  says: I too tried using paraffin wax but to no avail. I searched around and US patent 6921260 is probably the best description on the previous art and it’s own design, careful reading of the patent reveals that it should be possible to make colored flame candles at home if you know what you’re doing. Arnold  says: There is an old pdf article dated Dec 26, 1939 entitled Colored Flame Candle. In it William Fredericks used petroleum jelly as a fuel source with the mineral salt suspended in it. Although I haven’t built the whole project, I did suspend copper chloride in petroleum jelly, and it burned very nicely. A nice blue flame. You have to play with the ratios. As I see it, there are two approaches. A. Drill an existing candle from the top, and fill the hole with warmed jelly, or B. Follow the instructions in the article by building a candle around an inner core of jelly. But I was asked a question which I need to answer: Is breathing the smoke of colored flame candles healthy? i.e. copper, strontium, potassium Perhaps we can put our heads together on this project. I would like to get the colored flame candle project started. I saw that you have tried some things, but found they didn’t work. I would ask you not post this information yet. I would rather think this through with you and present the final project, rather than to publish the raw thinking of it. On the net I have found very chemically complicated candles (ethanolamine etc.) I mixed copper I chloride with petroleum jelly, put a wick in it, and it burned very nicely blue. There was some moisture there, so it did stink a bit. I read in one of the patent papers online that one of the problems is the amount of carbon particles in a candle flame. The suggestion was to use a palladium, vanadium or platinum chloride as a catalyst/accelerant (absorbing a small amount of this material on the wick) to increase the temperature. Not exactly cheap or readily available. But supposedly the orange flame is gone. The other alternative is to burn smaller chain organic compounds, like citric acid or benzoic acid. I haven’t tried these. Faerie flames advertises their candles are not paraffin, but crystals. Perhaps you have some ideas on other smaller molecules. I find that alcohol flames color very nicely, but paraffin is just not very hot burning. Yes, I am knowledgeable in chemistry with a B.Sc. in chemistry. Chels  says: I am trying to make a color flame candle myself. I think the first step would be producing a candle that burns with a light blue/luminous flame, you need to get rid of the yellow. To do this you need a fuel that has a low carbon content. Things like paraffin and stearin burn yellow due to their high carbon content. I don’t think it’s possible to make a good color flame candle with paraffin. A lot of patents seem to recommend Trimethyl Citrate. It’s a waxy/crystalline solid that burns a light blue. But I can’t find a place to get it, unless I want to buy it in industrial quantities! Does anyone know where I can find trimethyl citrate? It’s used as a food additive and cosmetic ingredient so I figure it isn’t toxic.   Amber  says: I see a lot of soy candles on the market. I am wondering if perhaps this may work with soy or beeswax?   Bryan  says: I have had a little success making a bluish candle flame by using copper desoldering braid. It makes a surprisingly good candle wick. In order to get the color, however, I first heated it up to melt out the impregnated rosin. I then put it in saltwater, put another wire in saltwater (pretty much any metal except aluminum), made sure they didn’t touch, and attached a 9 V battery to the wires- negative to the bare wire, positive to the copper braid. Within seconds, tiny bubbles will come off the – wire and blue-green stuff will form on the braid. Leave it in for a while. Most of the green stuff will come off the braid into the water. The stuff is most likely copper chloride, formed from the chloride in the salt. After the braid is green (but before it falls apart), pull it out, trying not to knock off too much stuff. Dry it, preferably by hanging. Then try that as a wick. I’ve only tried limited experiments, so your mileage may vary.   Eric  says: I’m working on Bryan’s idea of using desoldering braid as a wick. I’ve had limited success so far. The theory is good it seems, but the main problem I’ve had is that the wick doesn’t seem to be very good at drawing the molten wax up to the flame. The longest I’ve been able to keep one lit is about thirty seconds. I’m thinking that either I did not allow the wick to remain in the saltwater solution long enough or perhaps I might benefit from a different variety of wax or possibly weaving the braid together with a more traditional wick. priyanka  says: take 1.5 cups of water and add 2 tbsp of salt (NaCl). dissolve 4 tbsp of borax. Then dissolve Add 1 tsp. of one of the following chemicals for colored flames: strontium chloride for a brilliant red flame, boric acid for a deep red flame, calcium for a red-orange flame, calcium chloride for a yellow-orange flame, table salt for a bright yellow flame, borax for a yellow-green flame, copper sulfate (blue vitriol/bluestone) for a green flame, calcium chloride for a blue flame, potassium sulfate or potassium nitrate (saltpeter) for a violet flame or Epsom salt for a white flame. David Tran  says: Wouldn’t the NaCl contaminate the flame with yellow and overpower the other colors? Tim Billman  says: Priyanka: Check your colors. Boric acid burns green, calcium chloride burns orange/yellow, etc. I can make solutions of boric acid (which can be bought at Ace Hardware-type stores 99% pure as a cockroach killer) and strontium chloride (an additive from pet stores for saltwater fish tanks) which burn nicely in a mixture of acetone and rubbing alcohol, but those solutions do not mix with melted candle wax (because it is non-polar.) The next thing I was going to try was finding an emulsifying agent that was safe to burn (i.e., probably not soap) to make a semisolid colloid with the compounds dissolved in the wax. Any ideas on what my emulsifier could be? What can make oil and water mix besides soap? Mia  says: For colored flames the element burn: Lithium RedPotassium PurpleSulfur YellowCopper/copper oxide Blue/Green I would just look at the elements and chemicals that they use in fireworks because those burn with different colors.

Technology in World Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology in World Civilization - Essay Example The developed overreliance on technology that is predicted to persist therefore means that people are not able to effectively, as they did before, handle tasks manually. This however identifies a critical problem should a global calamity occur and disable all technology-based systems (Fema, 2011). The problem would be similar to the Ireland’s potatoes famine of the nineteenth century. In the case, social conditions had led to reliance of potatoes as the chief food crop. The crop’s disease that broke out in the year 1845 however cut the society’s only source of food, leading to famine. The consequences were fatal with further implications such as â€Å"cholera, dysentery, typhus, and manifestation of lice† that led to death and displacement of people from the region (Digital, 2012, p. 1). The two instances therefore identify similarity in societies that can barely survive, should their staple application fail. Like the potatoes’ plight disrupted people’s social, political, and economic lives in Ireland, disruption in technology will stall professional and industrial operations that have entirely depended on it. Economic processes, healthcare services, and communication will therefore stop. The current society can however slowly adjust to its manual operation system, like in the potatoes’ calamity, or bear the consequences until another technology is developed (Fema, 2011; Digital, 2012). A fault that incapacitates all processor-based applications such as application of computer and computer-based devices would require solutions. One of the possible solutions that the society can use is reverting to the traditional manual operation system, a process that will depend on human resource for decision-making and process implementations. The society would also try to investigate causes of the problem in order to restore the processor applications.

Net neutrality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Net neutrality - Research Paper Example In 2010, the FCC imposed network neutrality regulations on both wireless and wired broadband-access providers (Hazlett 1). The agency claims that the design of the internet was such that there would be no â€Å"gatekeepers†. Despite there being disputes, the FCC has moved ahead to vote in new rules that will affect the regulation of broadband internet in the U.S. (Kovach). The FCC’s proposal is bad because exercising of unfettered control over people’s use of the internet creates risks to economic and technological growth, and it poses a real threat to freedom of speech and the future of the United States’ democracy (Hazlett 1). Kovach argues that we have two sides in dispute concerning net neutrality. Providers aim at regulating their broad band so that they can utilize it to pursue their own interests to favor their own internet service provision. On the other side, there are the proponents of â€Å"internet neutrality† who believe that in order to foster economic growth and innovation; the government should regulate the internet. The FCC chair’s proposal says that companies which stream content, if they wish, they should be able to pay internet providers for direct access to customers. This will result in increased streaming speeds. The proposal goes ahead to protect companies that cannot or do not want to pay for the direct access to customers. This means that internet service providers (ISPs) will be prohibited from slowing down the streaming speed for those who eat up more bandwidth and treat those services like any other data. This is not the right solution because it gives huge compani es with a lot of money an advantage over the start up companies, which cannot be able to afford paying for direct access to internet users. According to Gustin, the young firms must rely on the certainty of rules that do not discriminate for them to grow, build new technologies and create jobs. In addition, the consumer will also suffer

Dance and Daffodils Essay Example for Free

Dance and Daffodils Essay I wandered lonely as a cloud William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees,5 Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:10 Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay,15 In such a jocund company: I gazedand gazedbut little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood,20 They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. [pic] Summary The speaker says that, wandering like a cloud floating above hills and valleys, he encountered a field of daffodils beside a lake. The dancing, fluttering flowers stretched endlessly along the shore, and though the waves of the lake danced beside the flowers, the daffodils outdid the water in glee. The speaker says that a poet could not help but be happy in such a joyful company of flowers. He says that he stared and stared, but did not realize what wealth the scene would bring him. For now, whenever he feels vacant or pensive, the memory flashes upon that inward eye / That is the bliss of solitude, and his heart fills with pleasure, and dances with the daffodils. Questions 1.What figure of is found in lines 1 and 7? Which two things are being compared in each case? 2.Quote TWO VERBS from stanza 1 which describe the movement of the daffodils. 3.What mood is created by the words mentioned in questions 2? 4.What is the poet saying about the daffodils when comparing them to the stars in the Milky Way? 5.Which figure of speech is evident in line 12 – â€Å"Tossing their heads in sprightly dance†? 6.What effect do the waves and daffodils have on the poet in stanza 3? 7.Comment on the repetition of the word â€Å"gazed† in line 17. 8.Does the poet use the word â€Å"wealth† literally of figuratively in line 18? Give a reason for your answer. 9.What is the â€Å"inward eye† mentioned in line 21? 10.What effect does the memory of the daffodils have on the poet? Across 2. perfect happiness (stanza 4) 4. valleys (stanza 1) 6. a contraction of the word â€Å"over† (stanza 1) 7. riches (stanza 3) 8. jovial, merry, lighthearted (stanza 3) 9. in a lively and vigorous way (stanza 2) 10. the edge (stanza 2) 12. a brilliant yellow flower (stanza 1) Down 1. to look briefly (stanza 2) 3. state of being alone (stanza 4) 4. not occupied, empty (stanza 4) 5. looking thoughtful (stanza 4) 10. the galaxy in which the earth is located (stanza 2) 11. a large number of items (stanza1)

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - The Nun Prioress of the General Prologue :: General Prologue Essays

The Canterbury Tales   - The Nun Prioress In the reading "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, there is a detailed description about the nun Prioress in the "General Prologue". Chaucer uses physical and spiritual relationships to show the characteristics of a person. When we see the nun in relationship to other characters, for example the Knight, Chaucer makes the reader see two types of people. On one hand, the nun who gives much importance to minor things. On the other hand, the Knight who gives much importance to things that really matter. To describe how the nun was Chaucer writes with irony the description of the nun Prioress, everything that Chaucer says about her means the opposite. Chaucer describes a nun Prioress called Madame Eglantine. A nun should be modest, had to have poverty, and pity. Chaucer describes the nun in the opposite way to show us, how the nun Prioress had all the characteristics that a nun should not have. She was a nun modest, well educated and with good manners. She also had tender feelings, and a strong love for God and his creations. The author connects the relationship between how she sang and with her nose. He is sarcastic when relating her physical and spiritual beauty. "She sang the divine service well, entuning it in her nose in a most seemly way." (122-123) She was a well educated person, who reflects her manners in her language and with her actions. "She spoke French well and properly" in this quote properly means with good manners, not with slang words or with the popular language used in France. "For the French of Paris was unknown to her."(124) All of these characteristics show how the nun Prioress was focused on thi ngs that should not be important for a nun.    Among her minor things, the nun in the tale actions was cautious and splendid. Her manners were unique, and practiced with perfection. "Her table manners were admirable: she never let a morsel fall from her lips, nor wet her fingers too deeply in the sauce; daintily she carried a morsel to her lips, taking care that no drop should fall on her breast: she took much pleasure in proper etiquette." (133) The author makes us understand that her behavior with such perfection was not because she was obligated to act in this way.

Peplau’s Contribution to the Advancement of Nursing Knowledge Essay

Peplau’s Contribution to the Advancement of Nursing Knowledge in Support of Multidisciplinary Science Nursing is still a young profession that is still evolving. It is still developing its theoretical support for the nursing practice and how its discipline is unique from other disciplines (Johnson, B. & Webber, and P.). Many of the nursing theorists have drawn from other disciplines (psychology, sociology etc.) in forming their nursing theories. Hildegard Peplau is one of those theorists who used another discipline in formulation of her Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory. In this paper, I will describe her career development and how she contributed to nursing’s body of knowledge, showing her support of multidisciplinary science. I will also describe how her theory has been adopted within the nursing field by reporting the results of a current literature review. Peplau’s Career and How She Contributed to Nursing’s Body of Knowledge It is important to know Peplau’s nursing education in order to understand how she came to think and perceive the nursing profession, its practice and theory, particularly with an influence from the science of psychology. Peplau entered the nursing profession after earning a diploma in nursing at a hospital in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. She took a variety of nursing positions and within a few years, she earned her Baccalaureate Degree in Psychology. It was then that Peplau really began to form her ideas about psychiatric nursing and the nursing profession (Holden, 2002). She worked in psychiatric nursing afterwards and was greatly influenced from working with Eric and Frieda Fromm, who were highly influential and successful psychologists at that time. She was also in contact with and influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan. During World War II she stationed in London at a neuropsychiatric center. While she was there she had conversations with many significant people in psychiatry. During her shifts, the psychiatrists would discuss their cases and it became an extension of her psychiatric course work from her Bachelor Degree in Psychology (Holden, 2002)Afterwards, over several years, Peplau earned her Masters and Doctorate Degrees at Teacher’s College at Columbia University and her Doctorate in Education (Parker & Smith, 2010). She was also certified in psychoanalysis by the William Alanson White Institute of New York City, in the early 1950’s. In her career she not only developed the Interpersonal Relation  Theory of Nursing but developed several graduate psychiatric nursing programs (Holden, 2002). Hildegard Peplau received special recognition by the ANA Council of Advanced Practitioners in Psychiatric/ Mental Health Nursing. Because of her extensive education and exposure to the science of psychology (and some of its finest professional member’s), she was able to pave the way for psychiatric nursing within the nursing profession. Up until her influence, it was the nurse’s responsibility to simply administer the medication the psychiatrists ordered and assist the patient with basic health care as needed. Peplau’s Support of Multidisciplinary Sciences in the Field of Nursing It is obvious that Peplau’s development of the Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Theory also was birthed out of her psychology/psychiatry education and experience. It was her goal to bring psychiatric nursing to more that nurses giving medication and caring for basic physical needs. She was the mother of psychiatric nursing. She paved the way for nurses to practice psychotherapy by first training them to â€Å"talk to patients†. Her theory was greatly influenced by Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory. Sullivan was the first American psychiatrist to develop a Comprehensive Personality Theory and saw psychiatric problems as being developed from bad interpersonal relationships. (Slide show site). Peplau also utilized the discipline of â€Å"education† to further her development and promotion of the Interpersonal Relations Theory. She also utilized it to train other’s in more advanced ways of practicing as psychiatric nursing (Holden, 2002). Peplau did not only show her approval of using the multidiscipline sciences in nursing by utilizing them in her practice and teaching, but she taught that this was the best practice to do in the field of nursing. In an interview that was done in 1999 she was questioned on the use of other disciplines by nursing and was it acceptable for nurses to practice using someone else’s knowledge. She answered by first saying that she promoted scientific research in neuropsychiatry, genetics and biochemistry and had served on government committees regarding them. She believed that it was important for nurses to continue to study and know about human beings biologically and about their existence in the environment (Spray, 1999). She confirmed that she always supported the development of all social sciences. She hoped that â€Å"the  basics of science (neuroscience, biology, and brain research) and the social sciences (the psychosocial humanistic piece), that is, the connections and the integrations of these, will be identified and formulated â€Å" (Spray, 1999). In saying that she validated the use of all knowledge, coming together so as to serve nursing in becoming its best. The writer believes, with many others, that Hildegard Peplau was a great pioneer in the nursing profession and not only supported multidiscipline of sciences for use in nursing but exemplified it wonderfully. Literature Review on Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Theory of Nursing A literary review, using the subject for research as â€Å"Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory of Nursing† was done using ProQuest’s website for peer-reviewed literary articles. The result is that the subject was discussed in 95 peer reviewed journals and two trade journals. Using Google Books a research was done using the same. There were too many books, including psychiatric text books by Brunner and Saddarth and Lippincott, which included a full description on Peplau and her founding nursing theory. It is quite obvious that her theory has been adopted by nursing profession. She has been called the â€Å"mother of psychiatric nursing† (Holden, 2002). References Gregg, D. (1999, Jul-Sep ). Hildegard E. Peplau: Her contributions. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 35(3), 10-12. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200788729?accountid=34574 Holden, M. (2002, Nov.). Hildegard Peplau: Psychiatric Nurse of the Century. Military Medicine, 167(12), 111. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/217052138?accountid=34574 Parker, M. (2010). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia, PA, United States of America: FA Davis. Spray, S. L. ( 1999, Jul-Sep ). The evolution of the psychiatric clinical nurse specialist: An interview with Hildegard E. Peplau. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 35(3), 27-37. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200788948?accountid=34574

Effects of Values on Economics Essay

Values can be described as beliefs that people deeply hold to. They guide the decisions and behaviors of these people. They are â€Å"located† deeply within the subconscious and are integrated into every area of everyday living. People use values to choose their behaviors, employments, friends, entertainment and sports among others. Values are assimilated to people especially when they are still young. They range from teachers, parents, coaches and clergy to even peers. Values assimilated during the early years of a person’s life operate subconsciously as a basis for making decisions, choices and behaviors (Lopper, 2007). On the other hand, economics can be defined as a social science that deals with production, distribution and the consumption of services and goods and their management (Princeton, 2006). This research paper is aimed at examining the role of values on economics. Religion and Economics Many have for a long time regarded religion and economics as separate as cheese and chalk despite the fact that Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations touched on religion (Weber, 2004). Many economics regard religion as a dark world which is unreachable through their analytical tools. It should be noted that religion is such a wide field that economics cannot ignore and as years erupts the gap between the two fields have gradually been reduced. This was initiated by an economist from the University of Chicago, Gary Becker who has already won a Nobel price for his efforts to applying economics in studying drugs, family interactions and crime (Weber, 2004). Though economics treat some theological questions such as the nature of God as if they were lepers, they have of late studied the earthly subjects of how people â€Å"sell† and â€Å"buy† services and goods, whether spiritual or material, that is provided by the religion. More study and research on religion have been undertaken after the attack of the United States on September eleven by the militant Islamic groups. Economics professor, Laurent Lannaccone from George Mason University in his statement agreed that for a long time the economists had ignored religion because of the belief that it would be overtaken by the ever-growing secularization; later however, many have realized that religion is also a powerful force in the modern society (Weber, 2004). Of late, another concept â€Å"the economics of religion† has been framed that is founded on the belief that human beings are rational in choices about their religion in the same way they are in economics, for example buying a good. â€Å"Producers† of mosques, temples, synagogues and churches compete for members (who are in this case their customers) and this they do by drawing those who are secular or members of other congregations (Weber, 2004). Effects of religion on the economy Religious rituals and beliefs have distinct effects on the performance of an economy. Preliminary results from researches conducted have shown that that there are negative effects resulting from participating in religious rituals but those on religious beliefs have shown positive effects (Bowman, 2004). It has been argued that religion has both positive and negative effects on the economy. Some have argued that religion can bring material advantages with Max Weber arguing that the work ethics by the Protestants was the cause of the prosperity in Europe. Recently, a professor at Harvard, Robert Barro is working towards examining the links between economic growth and religion (Bowman, 2004). In his studies, he concludes that at the microeconomic level, religious participation has been associated with lowered rates of drug abuse, crime and other vices. Another economist from Harvard, Richard Freeman concluded in his studies that those black youths who go to church were likely to abstain from committing crimes and using drugs as well as having a higher tendency of attending schools (Bowman, 2004). However, in economic terms and richness, no quantitative research has proved that religion has any direct effect on the income and if any by what level. This has been hindered by the difficulty present in dividing the cause and the effect. Even if the church goers may be reported as richer, there may not be any tangible proof that it is the religion that made them richer because it is possible that it is the richer people who may be likely to go to church or become generally religious. Unrelated traits for example personal discipline or greater ambition may be the reason of one succeeding in his or her job and at the same time attend to their religious duties (Bowman, 2004). Mr. Gluber, states that one possible cause of religious people being rich is that as they attend either mosque, church or synagogue gatherings, this can yield â€Å"social capital† which is just web of relations that fosters trust. These relations are important as they allow business dealings and transactions between such people to become smoother and cheaper respectively. The other possible reason that is given is that those who are religious have better emotional and financial insurance. This is important because when they fall into an economic setback, they are able to recover more quickly because of the support from their fellow worshippers (Bowman, 2004). Mr. Gruber’s results also claim that religious people especially the church goers may become richer as attendance to places of worship may also lead to lesser chances of dropping from schools. Also religious groups have been known to support the education of their members by offering bursaries either directly to the students or to the schools that they manage (Bowman, 2004). Also, many religious groups have been known to motivate their members to work hard towards their success and this may be a contributing factor to their wealth increase. Religion also teaches on supernatural intervention in the members’ endeavors and this allows them to be focused on success than failure (Bowman, 2004). Negative relationship between religiosity and economics growth There are general negative effects in the relationship between religiosity and economic growth. One such is the fact that religious groups, especially Christianity, preach giving which is regarded as a factor that undermines investment which is a setback to economic growth. Another setback of religiosity to the economic growth is that it is accused of undermining the work ethics using its own teachings as a cover up. Many members of religious groups have been known to remain idle or being lazy and instead substitute work with their religious duties. It is also reported that many religious groups teach doctrines that oppose modern attitudes such as contraception technologies and market’s egalitarian repression (Bowman, 2004). On the other hand, economic development has got negative effects on religion with the studies showing that overall development (represented by per capita GDP reduces religiosity. The secularization thesis has shown that people tend to become less religious when income increases. They loose interest of attending religious meeting places and portraying their religious beliefs. Economic growth makes religion to be less considered in policy making, political process, and legal process and also in social programs such as friendships, marriages and colleagues (McClearly, 2008). Though Max Weber’s thesis â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† indicate that religion raise productivity for they mold individual characters such as work ethic, thrift and honesty, it also shows that it religious beliefs have a negative effects on economic development as increased attendance to their places of worship take more of their resources and time . The religious sector is also known to place restrictions on markets for insurance and credit (McCleary, 2008). The other negative effect of religion on economics is that it produces religious terrorism that has been as a result of income inequality and poverty. In contrast, research conducted by Alan Krueger shows that religious terrorists in most cases are well educated and not from poor background. Many religious terrorists view violence not a means but as an end to economic and political ends. They feel that they are destroying a system that they are not identified with (McCleary, 2008). Marx idea on religion According to Karl Max, religion is an expression of economic justice and material realities, meaning that problems in any given religion are also the problems in the society. Max referred to religion as a symptom and not a disease (Cline, 2009). He also claimed that religion has been used by the oppressors to encourage those who are exploited and poor. He stated that religion speaks contrary to what â€Å"is dignified in a human being by rendering them servile and more amenable to accepting the status quo†(Cline, 2009). He argued that religion is dependent on economics meaning that the actual doctrines of religion are irrelevant. Also religion is an illusion giving excuses and reasons so that it can keep the society to function as it is. â€Å"Much as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion takes our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god†(Cline, 2009). India- Caste system due to Hinduism Caste system is a religious ranking system in India of human groups that is based on occupation and hereditary factors. This system is very complex and has been known to have several setbacks. The members of these groups are restricted to their hereditary occupations. The Indian society is divided into four groups; Brahmas are from priestly families, the warrior and ruling class, Vaishyas are businessmen, farmers and traders. The laborers and peasants are the shudras while panchamas were the untouchable. The negative effects of the caste system are that some members of the community are discriminated based on their groups. However, due to higher education, globalization, economic growths and mingling with people from other communities, the India’s population is slowly deviating from the caste system. Even the government of India has decided to reserve some jobs for the members of the lower castes (FactsaboutIndia, 2008). Islamic Countries and Shariah Laws In the Islamic nations governed by the sharia laws, no interest is allowed to be charged on any loan that is given as it goes against the Koranic law against usury. In some countries such as Afghanistan, women are never allowed to wear high heel shoes as well as white socks, as the sharia considers them sexually luring. In the same nation, music is never allowed that includes cassettes in vehicles. Many forms of entertainments such as watching movies or plays are never allowed with women being prevented from occupying some professionals and occupations which, causes some to flee the country or commit suicide (Aluko, 1999). Men who do not have beard up to certain lengths are never allowed to have some jobs or allocated some contracts; this means that women do not benefit from any government contracts in Afghanistan. In such countries, Shariah views Islam as a philosophy of life, social order, a system of economic principle and a ruling order which all the Muslims must adhere to (Aluko, 1999). The ethics of Islamic economics rejects excessive concern for the accumulation of profits but more with acquisition of goods fulfilling social obligations to the society. The other characteristics of Shariah laws include tax discrimination on non Muslims so that they can be encouraged to become Muslims. On inheritance, the Koran states that brothers must get double of what their daughters get (Aluko, 1999). United States- Effects of Christian values In US, it has been noted that people have more consumer choice in exercising their religions than any other part of the economy. Churches function independently as contractors in the religious free market of the United States. In USA, Evangelical Protestantism is known for entrepreneurial development in the church structure in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church that follows the ecclesiastic polity (Sparks, 2007). The evangelical churches have their congregations or appointed boards have the final say on any matter such as the church budget. In some mega churches however, the pastor is seen as the Chief executive officer exercising high level authority. The churches in the United States are known to offer not only spiritual nourishment to their members, but also other products such as music and video tapes as well as books (Sparks, 2007). Sale of alcoholic products on Sundays has not been allowed in many cities of the United States as Sunday has been regarded as the day of worship for the Christians (Andre, 2009). Abortion Effects of Rights on Economics Freedom has been termed as the engine that pushes economic growth that is sustainable and allows all people to have increased prosperity. Economic freedom is basically ensuring that human rights are respected (Kim, 2007). Equality- Women Rights Promoting gender equality has been understood as an important part in an effective economic and human development strategy. Gender equality in education has positively been associated with economic development. Research previously done has shown that any nation that does not work towards the closing of gender gap in education will experience a fall in per capita income (Chen, 2004). In addition the report by the Arab human development team showed that lack of women empowerment has contributed to less human development in the Arabic regions. If women are enabled to acquire education for example through distant learning, it will allow them to participate in labour market while at their homes and this would in turn result in improving gender equality. It has been shown that nations in the sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, North Africa and Middle East has a greater gender disparity especially in education and if they could only close this gap, their per capita GDP can grow significantly per year (Chen, 2004). The reasons that are raised to prove these arguments are that educated women are often added to the labour market and this improves the economy of the country. The other reason is that educated women will improve the intellectual environment at home that in turn leads to a productive workforce thus economic growth (Chen, 2004). The proponents of slavery stated that they relied on servitude so that they can facilitate their need for labour. The labor population was decreasing and thus they believed that African slaves were efficient to fulfill their needs for laborers. When tobacco was discovered in 1600’s and became the main source of income for the colonialists, it called for more land and thus more laborers. Slave trade brought a great fortune to the colonialists; unfortunately, the profits obtained were used to get more slaves (Dodson, 2003) Spanish colonies- encomienda and repartamiento The encomienda was a labour system employed by the crown of Spain during its colonization in America. Some trustees and soldiers were allocated a specific number of natives whom they were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholic faith and in return receive tribute from the natives in form of labour or gold. This allowed the encomendero to take even the land that belonged to the natives (Answers Corporation, 2009). On the other hand, repartimiento was a system applied by Spanish colonialists on native population of America where the later was forced to perform some tasks for the former for a period of time in the year without any pay or for a low pay. This system led many natives to flee from their communities while other accepted to work and even signed contracts for the period that they were to work (Answers Corporation, 2009). A property right is the authority that allows one to determine how a resource should be used. All economic goods are protected by the property rights. Property rights have been confirmed to play a major role in the promotion of both political and economic development. Intellectual rights are mechanisms that facilitate innovation by giving the inventors monopoly of their discovery (Robin). CONCLUSION From the discussing, it is clear that different values have different effects on the economics. These values include the religious values which have been discussed with examples of the Shariah law, the caste system of India and Christianity in the United States of America. Other values discussed include those related to human rights such as women rights, slavery and property rights.It is vivid that different values have either positive or negative effects on economics or even both. REFERENCES Andre. (2009). Sunday alcohol sales; Fear versus the facts. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. peachpundit. com/2009/02/25/sunday-alcohol-sales-fear-versus-the-facts/ Aluko, S. A. (1999). The social and economic implications of Shariah law. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. dawodu. com/aluko1. htm Answers Corporation. (2009). Encomienda system. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/encomienda-system

How to Make a Phosphate Buffer Solution

How to Make a Phosphate Buffer Solution The goal of a buffer solution is to help maintain a stable pH when a small amount of acid or base is introduced into a solution. A phosphate buffer solution is a handy buffer to have around, especially for biological applications. Because phosphoric acid has multiple dissociation constants, you can prepare phosphate buffers near any of the three pHs, which are at 2.15, 6.86, and 12.32. The buffer is most commonly prepared at pH 7 using monosodium phosphate and its conjugate base, disodium phosphate. Phosphate Buffer Materials Monosodium phosphateDisodium phosphateWaterPhosphoric acid to make the pH more acidic or sodium hydroxide to make the pH more alkalinepH meterGlasswareHot plate with stirring bar Prepare the Phosphate Buffer Decide on the concentration of the buffer. Most buffers are used at a concentration between 0.1 M and 10 M. If you make up a concentrated buffer solution, you can dilute it as needed.​Decide on the pH for your buffer. This pH should be within one pH unit from the pKa of the acid/conjugate base. So, you can prepare a buffer at pH 2 or pH 7, for example, but pH 9 would be pushing it.Use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation to calculate how much acid and base you need. You can simplify the calculation if you make 1 liter of buffer. Select the pKa value that is closest to the pH of your buffer. For example, if you want the pH of your buffer to be 7, then use the pKa of 6.9: pH pKa log ([Base]/[Acid])ratio of [Base]/[Acid] 1.096The molarity of the buffer is the sum of the molarities of the acid and conjugate base or the sum of [Acid] [Base]. For a 1 M buffer (selected to make the calculation easy), [Acid] [Base] 1.[Base] 1 - [Acid].Substitute this into the ratio and solve:[Base ] 0.523 moles/L.Now solve for [Acid]: [Base] 1 - [Acid], so [Acid] 0.477 moles/L. Prepare the solution by mixing 0.477 moles of monosodium phosphate and 0.523 moles of disodium phosphate in a little less than a liter of water.Check the pH using a pH meter and adjust the pH as necessary using phosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide.Once you have reached the desired pH, add water to bring the total volume of phosphoric acid buffer to 1 L.If you prepared this buffer as a stock solution, you can dilute it to make up buffers at other concentrations, such as 0.5 M or 0.1 M. Advantages and Disadvantages of Phosphate Buffers The two key advantages of phosphate buffers are that phosphate is highly soluble in water and that it has an extremely high buffering capacity. However, these may be offset by certain disadvantages in some situations. Phosphates inhibit enzymatic reactions.Phosphate precipitates in ethanol, so it cant be used in preparations to precipitate DNA or RNA.Phosphates sequester divalent cations (e.g., Ca2 and Mg2).

Quantitative easing - Emphasis

Quantitative easing Quantitative easing Look out for the latest innocent-sounding financial buzz-phrase that hides some very big news indeed. This one sounds more benign than sub-prime loans. Yet its effects could be just as far reaching, if not more so. That phrase is quantitative easing. It may sound like the lesson you forgot in physics class, as Gerard Baker of The Times has put it. But its actually what governments do when theyve run out of options. It means, essentially, printing more money. Its what the Japanese central bank did when its economy went belly-up in 2001. (It had already driven interest rates close to zero.) As we write, UK business secretary Lord Mandelson is strongly denying that quantitative easing is even on the agenda. But the US Federal Reserve has already decided to do it, in order to buy up long-term debt. The theory is this lowers the interest rates on these assets, so that loans in general become cheaper and money starts to move around the economy again. A cynic might say that the jargon is there to hide whats really going on, just as collateral damage sounds better than killing innocent civilians. Whether thats true or not, youre likely to hear it more and more soon: when we searched on Google for the (exact) phrase we got well over three hundred thousand results.

IMMIGRATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMMIGRATION - Essay Example The U.S. has never been the melting pot that was expected. Instead, immigrant ethnic groups have maintained their unique identities for generation after generation. The immigrant heritage has worked itself into the basic fabric of American life. The cycle of anti-immigrant feelings and politics seems closely tied to economic issues: when the nation needs laborers, immigrants of all kinds are welcomed, when jobs are scarce, immigrants are excluded. (Purcell, p.xii). In â€Å"Unchecked Immigration† what is Peter Brimelow’s claim, and what solutions does he propose? Using secondary sources to advance your argument, state whether you agree or disagree with Brimelow’s claim and solutions. According to Peter Brimelow, in the article Unchecked Immigration, the 1965 Immigration Act triggered an influx of historically high proportions, particularly compared to current U.S. birth rates. If the present trends continue, the U.S. population will reach 390 million by 2050. More than a third of the population would be post-1970 immigrants and their descendants. Because the 1965 Act arbitrarily choked off immigration from Europe, this influx has been almost completely from the third world. As recently as 1960, whites who were 90% of the population, by 2050 will be on the verge of becoming a minority. A demographic transformation such as this is without precedent in the history of the world. Also, the 1990 census revealed that native-born Americans both black and white were fleeing from the immigrant-favored areas, where they were being replaced in equal numbers by immigrants. They fled to two different parts of the country, where their own people were. Peter Brimelow claims that the U.S. is coming apart ethnically under the impact of the enormous influx. He wonders whether America continues to be the integration of ethnicity and culture as a nation, and whether the American nation-state can survive. The solutions to the problem, that Peter Brimelow offers are that: In